Facts and History of Turkey

Realities and History of Turkey At the intersection among Europe and Asia, Turkey is an interesting nation. Ruled by Greeks, Persians, and Romans thus all through the old style time, what is currently Turkey was at one time the seat of the Byzantine Empire. In the eleventh century, be that as it may, Turkish travelers from Central Asia moved into the locale, progressively vanquishing all of Asia Minor. To begin with, the Seljuk and afterward the Ottoman Turkish Empires came to control, applying impact over a significant part of the eastern Mediterranean world, and carrying Islam to southeast Europe. After the Ottoman Empire fell in 1918, Turkey changed itself into the energetic, modernizing, common state it is today. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Ankara, populace 4.8 million Significant Cities: Istanbul, 13.26 million Izmir, 3.9 million Bursa, 2.6 million Adana, 2.1 million Gaziantep, 1.7 million Legislature of Turkey The Republic of Turkey is a parliamentary majority rule government. Every single Turkish resident beyond 18 years old reserve the option to cast a ballot. The head of state is the president, right now Recep Tayyip Erdoäÿan. The PM is head of government; Binali Yä ±ldä ±rä ±mis the current PM. Since 2007, leaders of Turkey are legitimately chosen, and the president chooses the head administrator. Turkey has a unicameral (one house) council, called the Grand National Assembly or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi, with 550 legitimately chose individuals. Parliament individuals serve four-year terms. The legal part of government in Turkey is somewhat muddled. It incorporates the Constitutional Court, the Yargitay or High Court of Appeals, the Council of State (Danistay), the Sayistay or Court of Accounts, and military courts. In spite of the fact that the mind larger part of Turkish residents are Muslims, the Turkish state is firmly common. The non-strict nature of Turkish government has verifiably been implemented by the military since the Republic of Turkey was established as a common state in 1923 by General Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Turkeys Population Starting at 2011, Turkey has an expected 78.8 million residents. Most of them are ethnically Turkish - 70 to 75% of the populace. Kurds make up the biggest minority bunch at 18%; they are packed fundamentally in the eastern segment of the nation and have a long history of squeezing for their own different state. Neighboring Syria and Iraq likewise have huge and unsettled Kurdish populaces - the Kurdish patriots of every one of the three states have required the formation of another country, Kurdistan, at the convergence of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Turkey likewise has littler quantities of Greeks, Armenians, and other ethnic minorities. Relations with Greece have been uncomfortable, especially over the issue of Cyprus, while Turkey and Armenia differ energetically over the Armenian Genocide did by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. Dialects The official language of Turkey is Turkish, which is the most generally talked about the dialects in the Turkic family, some portion of the bigger Altaic phonetic gathering. It is identified with Central Asian dialects, for example, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, and so on. Turkish was composed utilizing the Arabic content until Ataturks changes; as a component of the secularizing procedure, he had another letters in order made that utilizes the Latin letters with a couple of alterations. For instance, a c with a little tail bending underneath it is articulated like the English ch. Kurdish is the biggest minority language in Turkeyâ and is spoken by about 18% of the populace. Kurdish is an Indo-Iranian language, identified with Farsi, Baluchi, Tajik, and so forth. It might be written in the Latin, Arabic or Cyrillic letter sets, contingent on where it is being utilized. Religion in Turkey: Turkey is around 99.8% Muslim. Most Turks and Kurds are Sunni, yet there are likewise significant Alevi and Shia gatherings. Turkish Islam has consistently been unequivocally impacted by the supernatural and beautiful Sufi custom, and Turkey stays a fortification of Sufism. It additionally has little minorities of Christians and Jews. Topography Turkey has a complete territory of 783,562 square kilometers (302,535 square miles). It rides the Sea of Marmara, which partitions southeastern Europe from southwestern Asia. Turkeys little European segment, called Thrace, verges on Greece and Bulgaria. Its bigger Asian bit, Anatolia, outskirts Syria, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. The restricted Turkish Straits seaway between the two mainlands, including the Dardanelles and the Bosporus Strait, is one of the universes key oceanic sections; it is the main passageway between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This reality gives Turkey tremendous geopolitical significance. Anatolia is a prolific level in the west, slowly ascending to rough mountains in the east. Turkey is seismically dynamic, inclined to huge tremors, and furthermore has some surprising landforms, for example, the cone-formed slopes of Cappadocia. Volcanic Mt. Ararat, close to the Turkish outskirt with Iran, is accepted to be the arrival spot of Noahs Ark. It is Turkeys most elevated point, at 5,166 meters (16,949 feet). Atmosphere of Turkey Turkeys coasts have a gentle Mediterranean atmosphere, with warm, dry summers and stormy winters. The climate turns out to be progressively extraordinary in the eastern, rocky area. Most areas of Turkey get a normal of 20-25 inches (508-645 mm) of downpour every year. The most sweltering temperature at any point recorded in Turkey is 119.8â ° F (48.8â ° C) at Cizre. The coldest temperature at any point was - 50 Â °F (- 45.6â ° C) at Agri. Turkish Economy: Turkey is among the main twenty economies on the planet, with a 2010 assessed GDP of $960.5 billion US and a solid GDP development pace of 8.2%. In spite of the fact that agribusiness despite everything represents 30% of occupations in Turkey, the economy depends on mechanical and administration segment yield for its development. For quite a long time a focal point of floor covering making and other material exchange, and an end of the old Silk Road, today Turkey fabricates autos, gadgets and other cutting edge merchandise for send out. Turkey has oil and flammable gas holds. It is likewise a key appropriation point for Middle Eastern and Central Asia oil and gaseous petrol moving to Europe and to ports for send out abroad. The per capita GDP is $12,300 US. Turkey has a joblessness pace of 12%, and over 17% of Turkish residents live beneath the neediness line. As of Januaryâ 2012, the swapping scale for Turkeys money is 1 US dollar 1.837 Turkish lira. History of Turkey Normally, Anatolia had a history before the Turks, yet the locale didn't become Turkey until the Seljuk Turks moved into the region in the eleventh century CE. On August 26, 1071, the Seljuks under Alp Arslan won at the Battle of Manzikert, vanquishing an alliance of Christian militaries drove by the Byzantine Empire. This sound destruction of the Byzantines denoted the start of genuine Turkish power over Anatolia (that is, the Asian part of cutting edge Turkey). The Seljuks didn't hold influence for long, be that as it may. Inside 150 years, another force rose from far to their eastâ and cleared toward Anatolia. Despite the fact that Genghis Khan himself never got to Turkey, his Mongols did. On the 26th of June, 1243, a Mongol armed force directed by Genghiss grandson Hulegu Khan vanquished the Seljuks in the Battle of Kosedagâ and cut down the Seljuk Empire. Hulegus Ilkhanate, one of the extraordinary swarms of the Mongol Empire, governed over Turkey for around eighty years, before disintegrating ceaselessly around 1335 CE. The Byzantines again stated authority over pieces of Anatolia as the Mongol hold debilitated, yet little nearby Turkish realms started to create, also. One of those little realms in the northwestern piece of Anatolia started to extend in the mid fourteenth century. Situated in the city of Bursa, the Ottoman beylik would proceed to vanquish not just Anatolia and Thrace (the European segment of advanced Turkey), yet additionally the Balkans, the Middle East, and inevitably parts of North Africa. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire managed a final knockout to the Byzantine Empire when it caught the capital at Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire arrived at its apogee in the sixteenth century, under the standard of Suleiman the Magnificent. He vanquished quite a bit of Hungary in the north, and as far west as Algeria in northern Africa. Suleiman likewise authorized strict resilience of Christians and Jews inside his domain. During the eighteenth century, the Ottomans started to lose an area around the edges of the domain. With feeble kings on the throneâ and defilement in the once-vaunted Janissary corps, Ottoman Turkey got known as the Sick Man of Europe. By 1913, Greece, the Balkans, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia had all split away from the Ottoman Empire. At the point when World War I broke out along what had been the limit between the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Turkey settled on the lethal choice to align itself with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). After the Central Powers lost World War I, the Ottoman realm stopped to exist. The entirety of the non-ethnically Turkish grounds got autonomous, and the triumphant Allies wanted to cut Anatolia itself into ranges of prominence. Be that as it may, a Turkish general named Mustafa Kemal had the option to feed Turkish nationalismâ and remove the outside occupation powers from Turkey appropriate. On November 1, 1922, the Ottoman sultanate was officially nullified. Just about a year later, on October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was announced, with its capital at Ankara. Mustafa Kemal turned into the principal leader of the new common republic. In 1945, Turkey turned into a sanction individual from the new United Nations. (It had stayed unbiased in World War II.) That year likewise denoted the finish of single-party rule in Turkey, which had gone on for a long time. Presently firm

My Bio

My name is Latisha Anderson multi year old local from Raleigh, North Carolina. I moved on from East Carolina University College of Nursing in Greenville, North Carolina in May 2009 with a Bachelors of Science in Nursing. Many state that I am a one of a kind attendant because of the reality I am the primary African American lady to finish a nursing program from a wheelchair. At 17 years old years old I was shot in the neck and deadened from bosom on down. I do have an example of overcoming adversity on line. In the event that you type my complete name Latisha Anderson in Google web crawler and I think on the subsequent inquiry page you will discover a connection with my name and it has the heartbeat magazine interface which is ECU CON graduated class magazine and on page 6 you can peruse my example of overcoming adversity and see me in my standing wheelchair. I found my first occupation at a private mental/synthetic detox program clinic that treats persistent going from ages 5 years of age on up. I began PRN; in this way I had the benefit of taking a shot at all the various units with the distinctive age gatherings. After around a quarter of a year of constant working my ADON offered me a stable situation on the intense inpatient psych unit which housed twelve intense patients. I worked third move and was the charge nurture and the main attendant that worked that unit. I chose to seek after my enthusiasm of needing to serve the individuals who have served my nation. efore I became incapacitated I needed to join the marine corps and I was 37 days from my eighteenth birthday celebration and being enrolled however I became deadened that didn't stop me I simply needed to seek after my objective from an alternate point. I as of now work with the Veteran’s Administration in Augusta, GA. I need to seek after my Masters in Nursing with an Emphasis in Leadership since I need to get an influential position. Attendants are in jobs where they can have a significant contact with ma king arrangements, laws and supporting for their customer in the human services angle in governmental issues.

Trade and labour standards Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exchange and work norms - Thesis Example Achieving this issue inside the structure of WTO would demonstrate the upgrade of working conditions far and wide. The proposed working gathering would be answerable for examining the exchange and center work guidelines. Many creating just as some created nations anyway contend against this recommendation on the grounds that such center work norms ought to in fact not be a piece of the WTO. Creating countries’ agents contend that such arrangements may oppress the relative bit of leeway of the lower wage in creating countries. Actually the improved working conditions as indicated by the fundamental work principles require high scale enhancements in the foundation of the working environment which is frequently not helpful for a creating country. In a creating country with moderately lower monetary development such requirements of principles would realize destitution and some slip by of time in improving working guidelines. The impulse to adhere to the work principles and the nee d towards work advertise adaptability cooperate to bring out fights and non-helpful methodology of the laborers particularly in countries where political structures supported some voice to the laborers.

The Critical Essays Examples

The Critical Essays ExamplesA critical essay example serves as a guide for writers to improve their writing skills and help them with building their own resume. This kind of document is written for the purpose of providing a template for the writer to use as a starting point for the material that they are going to create. Critical essays examples are available online.The authors of the examples would have been highly competent writers. For this reason, the documents written by them are well-written and easy to understand. Most of the examples serve as a guide to help the writer build their own resume.There are many sources that are used for the critical essays examples. There are many tools that are available, all of which help the writer develop their skills in writing. In most cases, the examples provide good examples to help the writers develop a portfolio of writing projects. Writing is not always an easy job, but it is always a source of pleasure for those who have the ability t o learn new things.The critical essays examples can help with the writing of essays, dissertations, and articles. The examples are not written for the purpose of providing examples of writing. The writers of the examples use them as a way to stimulate their own writing abilities. If a writer uses the examples to polish their own writing, they can develop a portfolio of writing projects.As mentioned above, there are a number of resources that are used for the critical essays examples. The examples are written in a way that targets the readers of the information. Some of the information in the examples includes things such as style and vocabulary.The examples are written in a way that targets the readers of the information. If the information that is contained in the examples is well-written, it will be appreciated by the readers. When there is only a little improvement in the writing of the articles or essays, the author will be praised. However, when the writing is improved, the aut hor will be paid a lot of money. There are a number of people who work in publishing houses who use the examples for the same purpose.A writer can improve their writing skills by writing the examples. The writing can help the writer to be in control of the style and the vocabulary of the writing. The writing can help the writer to develop their own writing style. There are many authors who use the examples as a way to polish their own writing. When the examples are well-written, they provide the readers with a source of information that can improve their own writing skills.

Analysis Of The Absurd - 1184 Words

The Absurd It is safe to say the idea of absurdism can be linked to meaningless, and other such words that express a destination without the means to there and vice versa. In Camus’ famous fictional novel, he shows how one’s perception of life can be effected when faced with death. The Stranger reflects Camus’ philosophical stance on absurdism. There is no truth, no certainty, or any unwavering, non-relative laws in life. There is no sense in pursuing impossibilities. But if life is in a sense pointless, why continue living? It seems as if Meursault does not want himself to be happy. This can be assumed from reading the text. More specifically from chapter six of the Stranger on pages forty-seven through fifty- nine. He could have had new job which would have paid substantially more in Paris, a loving girlfriend whom wanted to marry him despite his flaws, and seemingly reliable and trustworthy friends. Meursault had so many doors open for him filled with opportunities but he throws all his chances of happiness away once he murders the Arab man on the beach. Existence can be categorized as standing out or doing something that sets you aside from others and the environment. Meursault’s only desire was to be free from hope because hope meant that there was a disconnection between who he should’ve been and who he actually was. His only wish was to almost blend into his environment or in other words become invisible to society so he didn’t have to be who the rest of the worldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Absurd By Albert Camus1649 Words   |  7 Pagesremains—what is the point? The contradiction between searching for order, reason or existential purpose and the inability to find any type of purpose in an essentially meaningless and indifferent universe is what French philosopher, Albert Camus, considered â€Å"Absurd.† Any hopeful searching for concrete meanings is met with the discouraging and disheartening realization that there are no true meanings. For many of us, the idea of the world being made with no fated purpose or that any individual effort made towardRead MoreThe Paper of the Absurd: a Literary Analysis of the Stranger1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe Paper of the Absurd: A Literary Analysis of The Stranger By: Michael Lovett Advanced Placement English Language and Compositions 5th Period 13th of December, 2010 Michael Lovett In Albert Camus’ existential novel The Stranger, the pointlessness of life and existence is exposed and expounded upon in such a manner that the entire foundation of spirituality is shaken. The concept that drives this novel is one coined by Albert Camus himself, the â€Å"absurd†. Under the absurd, life is pointlessRead MoreSummary Of Marrying Absurd By Joan Didion987 Words   |  4 PagesIn the story â€Å"Marrying Absurd,† Joan Didion scrutinizes the Las Vegas wedding industry critically with the analysis of how ludicrous Las Vegas wedding industry has become. In her articulations, Didion portrays to the readers how cheap the wedding industry is making a mockery of the sanctification of the marriage. Didion applies various effective techniques and details to pass her impression of Las Vegas giving her opinions on its values within the marriage environment. The essay explains the DidionRead MoreMortal Questions By Thomas Nagel1126 Words   |  5 PagesMost p eople who view their lives in the objective perspective support the view that life is absurd. In his book, Mortal Questions, Thomas Nagel concentrates on this popular belief and attempts to debunk the claims for the absurdity of human existence. In this paper, I will address one of the arguments that Nagel possess against these points. In addition, I will also explain Nagel’s purpose, his beliefs on the subjective and objective points of view, and how that affects individuals when they areRead MoreKierkegaard And Communism1747 Words   |  7 Pagesreligious. The study of Kierkegaardian philosophy and themes within the Soviet Union and Communism may seem misguided due to the dissimilarities between the two philosophies, but thanks to academics such as Andrà ¡s Nagy and Lev Shestov, the Kierkegaardian analysis of the Soviet ideology and Communism is possible, at least with regard to the genesis of Soviet communism. Due to Kierkegaard’s shared anti-Hegelianism with Marx and Communism, some Russian thinkers and revolutionaries such as Nikolai Berdyaev andRead MoreEssay about The Absurdity of Kafkas The Trial890 Words   |  4 Pagesbearucratic absurdities illustrated so diligently by Kafka in our every day life, and through no fault but our society, history, or cultures effect on our lives. Once I had established this I could then be able to synthesize the alliteration of the absurd that Kafka presents from the examples that we are faced with in our lives. Franz Kafkas The Trial is a fictional account of a man who is indicted to a crime that in all actuality has not occurred, or if it has Josef K. (the stories main character)Read MoreCamus Argument That Life Is Meaningless Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesdraw a parallel between Sisyphus and the modern day human being. Much like Sisyphus, people spend their days performing simple tasks that accomplish nothing. â€Å"The workman of today works everyday in his life at the same tasks, and his fate is no less absurd. But it is tragic only at the rare moments when it becomes conscious,† (Camus 6). For example, I woke up this morning, ate breakfast and went to class. In class I sat through a lecture on art history but if one thinks logically the information thatRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Harold Pinters the Caretaker774 Words   |  4 PagesErlina Suwardi 2009-031-055 Character Analysis of Harold Pinter’s The Caretaker In drama, characters play a dominant role in order to present the scenes. Whether good or bad the characters are, they are the ones who make the play and without them, there will be no play can be presented. In this play , there are only three characters, the brothers, which are Aston and Mick, and the old tramp, Davies. It begins with Aston who brings Davies to his place owned by his brother, Mick. Aston allowsRead More Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Essays814 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus essay, The Myth Of Sisyphus is an insightful analysis of the classic work, The Myth Of Sisyphus. In some regards Camus view of Sisyphus can seem quite accurate and in tune with the original text, but based on Camus interpretation of the justness of Sisyphus punishment, it is clear that the writer has some different ideas as well. Camus concludes that this punishment does not have the effect the Gods had intended, and ultimately theRead MoreAbsurd Self Fulfillment By Joel Feinberg1538 Words   |  7 PagesFor this essay, I will be examining the article â€Å"Absurd Self-Fulfillment,† written by Joel Feinberg. I will be pinpointing the central conclusion of this article, as well as the argument’s premises and the article’s central argument. I will also explain how the article relates to the film Being John Malkovich, and finally the school of philosophy, which we call â€Å"existentialism† and three of its central tenets. In the article â€Å"Absurd Self-Fulfillment,† Feinberg offers his readers a close up examination

The Rise Of The Mid Size Farmer Essay - 878 Words

In an increasingly globalized world, productivity and efficiency is crucial to the survival of agricultural businesses. Today, a smaller number of farms produce an increasingly larger amount of produce. Since 1920, the average farm size has grown over 300 percent (Ikred). Productivity is at an all time high, and in recent years the U.S. has had a â€Å"tremendous increase in international agricultural trade (Brown, 2011, p. 168).† For consumers around the world, this means cheaper, more accessible food, which is crucial for a rising world population with limited resources. However, the mid-size farmer is diminishing in number. We will look at what trends are causing the downfall of the mid-size farmer. What this means for rural communities, and whether or not these trends are inevitable. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 3.2 million farmers operate the nation s 2.1 million farms. Although only 2 percent of the farms in America are operated by large corporations (2012 Census Highlights), they produce a considerable amount of the nation’s food supply. Large scale operation enables these major corporations to cut production cost, allowing these businesses to sell their product a lower market price. These low prices make it very difficult for smaller farm operations to compete. Inability to compete causes many traditional farmers and farm families to look for additional means of income, or even completely different means of employment. Another trend drivingShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused the Dust Bowl?753 Words   |  4 PagesMay 16, 2013 Core 2 The early 1900s were a time of turmoil for farmers in the United States, especially in the Great Plains region. After the end of World War I, overproduction by farmers resulted in low prices for crops. When farmers first came to the Midwest, they farmed as much wheat as they could because of the high prices and demand. 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Between 1962 and 1980 the catastrophe of he Great Leap Forward was follow by a baby boom in the mid 1960 and the economy was on its way to recovery. Around the 1970’s

Internet Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Internet Argumentative Essay Computer Science Government Intervention of the Internet During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across large distances quickly. Computerization has influenced everyones life. The natural evolution of computers and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global net allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and enables even the common person to access information world-wide. With advances such as software that allows users with a sound card to use the Internet as a carrier for long distance voice calls and video conferencing, this network is key to the future of the knowledge society. At present, this net is the epitome of the first amendment: free speech. It is a place where people can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. The key to the world-wide suc cess of the Internet is its protection of free speech, not only in America, but in other countries where free speech is not protected by a constitution. To be found on the Internet is a huge collection of obscene graphics, Anarchists cookbooks and countless other things that offend some people. With over 30 million Internet users in the U.S. alone (only 3 million of which surf the net from home), everything is bound to offend someone. The newest wave of laws floating through law making bodies around the world threatens to stifle this area of spontaneity. Recently, Congress has been considering passing laws that will make it a crime punishable by jail to send vulgar language over the net, and to export encryption software. No matter how small, any attempt at government intervention in the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and they are trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to pass laws that will allow them to regulate and censor the Internet, while banning techniques that could eliminate the need for regulation. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help prevent the need for government intervention. The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to the Internet. Is the Internet like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected to review every title? Is it like a phone company who must ignore what it carries because of privacy? Is it like a broadcasting medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? The trouble is that the Internet can be all or none of these things depending on how its used. The Internet cannot be viewed as one type of transfer medium under current broadcast definitions. The Internet differs from broadcasting media in that one cannot just happen upon a vulgar site without first entering a complicated ad dress, or following a link from another source. The Internet is much more like going into a book store and choosing to look at adult magazines. (Miller 75). Jim Exon, a democratic senator from Nebraska, wants to pass a decency bill regulating the Internet. If the bill passes, certain commercial servers that post pictures of unclad beings, like those run by Penthouse or Playboy, would of course be shut down immediately or risk prosecution. The same goes for any amateur web site that features nudity, sex talk, or rough language. Posting any dirty words in a Usenet discussion group, which occurs routinely, could make one liable for a $50,000 fine and six months in jail. Even worse, if a magazine that commonly runs some of those nasty words in its pages, The New Yorker for instance, decided to post its contents on-line, its leaders would be held responsible for a $100,000 fine and two years in jail. Why does it suddenly become illegal to post something that has been legal for years in p rint? Exons bill apparently would also criminalize private mail, I can call my brother on the phone and say anythingbut if I say it on the Internet, its illegal (Levy 53). Congress, in their pursuit of regulations, seems to have overlooked the fact that the majority of the adult material on the Internet comes from overseas. Although many U.S. government sources helped fund Arpanet, the predecessor to the Internet, they no longer control it. Many of the new Internet technologies, including the World Wide Web, have come from overseas. There is no clear boundary between information held in the U.S. and information stored in other countries. Data held in foreign computers is just as accessible as data in America, all it takes is the click of a mouse to access. Even if our government tried to regulate the Internet, we have no control over what is posted in other countries, and we have no practical way to stop it. The Internets predecessor was originally designed to uphold communications after a nuclear attack by rerouting data to compensate for destroyed telephone lines and servers. Todays Internet still works on a similar design. The very nature this design allows the Internet to overcome any kind of barriers put in its way. If a major line between two servers, say in two countries, is cut, then the Internet users will find another way around this obstacle. This obstacle avoidance makes it virtually impossible to separate an entire nation from indecent information in other countries. If it was physically possible to isolate Americas computers from the rest of the world, it would be devastating to our economy. Recently, a major university attempted to regulate what types of Internet access its students had, with results reminiscent of a 1960s protest. A research associate at Carnegie Mellon University conducted a study of pornography on the schools computer networks. Martin Rimm put together quite a large picture collection (917,410 images) and he also tracked how often each image had been downloaded (a total of 6.4 million). Pictures of similar content had recently been declared obscene by a local court, and the school feared they might be held responsible for the content of its network. The school administration quickly removed access to all these pictures, and to the newsgroups where most of this obscenity is suspected to come from. A total of 80 newsgroups were removed, causing a large disturbance among the student body, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, all of whom felt this was unconstitutional. After only half a week, the college had backed down, and restored the newsgroups. This is a tiny example of what may happen if the government tries to impose censorship (Elmer-Dewitt 102). Currently, there is software being released that promises to block childrens access to known X-rated Internet newsgroups and sites. However, since most adults rely on their computer literate children to setup these pr ograms, the children will be able to find ways around them. This mimics real life, where these children would surely be able to get their hands on an adult magazine. Regardless of what types of software or safeguards are used to protect the children of the Information age, there will be ways around them. This necessitates the education of the children to deal with reality. Altered views of an electronic world translate easily into altered views of the real world. When it comes to our children, censorship is a far less important issue than good parenting. We must teach our kids that the Internet is a extension and a reflection of the real world, and we have to show them how to enjoy the good things and avoid the bad things. This isnt the governments responsibility. Its ours (Miller 76). Not all restrictions on electronic speech are bad. Most of the major on-line communication companies have restrictions on what their users can say. They must respect their customers privacy, however. Private E-mail content is off limits to them, but they may act swiftly upon anyone who spouts obscenities in a public forum. Self regulation by users and servers is the key to avoiding government imposed intervention. Many on-line sites such as Playboy and Penthouse have started to regulated themselves. Both post clear warnings that adult content lies ahead and lists the countries where this is illegal. The film and videogame industries subject themselves to ratings, and if Internet users want to avoid government imposed regulations, then it is time they begin to regulate themselves. It all boils down to protecting children from adult material, while protecting the first amendment right to free speech between adults. Government attempts to regulate the Internet are not just limited to obscenity and vulgar language, it also reaches into other areas, such as data encryption. By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E-mail packet may pass through hun dreds of computers from its source to destination. At each computer, there is the chance that the data will be archived and someone may intercept that data. Credit card numbers are a frequent target of hackers. Encryption is a means of encoding data so that only someone with the proper key can decode it. Why do you need PGP (encryption)? Its personal. Its private. And its no ones business but yours. You may be planning a political campaign, discussing our taxes, or having an illicit affair. Or you may be doing something that you feel shouldnt be illegal, but is. Whatever it is, you dont want your private electronic mail (E-mail) or confidential documents read by anyone else. Theres nothing wrong with asserting your privacy. Privacy is as apple-pie as the Constitution. Perhaps you think your E-mail is legitimate enough that encryption is unwarranted. If you really are a law-abiding citizen with nothing to hide, then why dont you always send your paper mail on postcards? Why not submi t to drug testing on demand? Why require a warrant for police searches of your house? Are you trying to hide something? You must be a subversive or a drug dealer if you hide your mail inside envelopes. Or maybe a paranoid nut. Do law-abiding citizens have any need to encrypt their E-mail? What if everyone believed that law-abiding citizens should use postcards for their mail? If some brave soul tried to assert his privacy by using an envelope for his mail, it would draw suspicion. Perhaps the authorities would open his mail to see what hes hiding. Fortunately, we dont live in that kind of world, because everyone protects most of their mail with envelopes. So no one draws suspicion by asserting their privacy with an envelope. Theres safety in numbers. Analogously, it would be nice if everyone routinely used encryption for all their E-mail, innocent or not, so that no one drew suspicion by asserting their E-mail privacy with encryption. Think of it as a form of solidarity (Zimmerman). Until the development of the Internet, the U.S. government controlled most new encryption techniques. With the development of faster home computers and a worldwide web, they no longer hold control over encryption. New algorithms have been discovered that are reportedly uncrackable even by the FBI and the NSA. This is a major concern to the government because they want to maintain the ability to conduct wiretaps, and other forms of electronic surveillance into the digital age. To stop the spread of data encryption software, the U.S. government has imposed very strict laws on its exportation. One very well known example of this is the PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) scandal. PGP was written by Phil Zimmerman, and is based on public key encryption. This system uses complex algorithms to produce two codes, one for encoding and one for decoding. To send an encoded message to someone, a copy of that persons public key is needed. The sender uses this public key to encrypt the data, and the reci pient uses their private key to decode the message. As Zimmerman was finishing his program, he heard about a proposed Senate bill to ban cryptography. This prompted him to release his program for free, hoping that it would become so popular that its use could not be stopped. One of the original users of PGP posted it to an Internet site, where anyone from any country could download it, causing a federal investigator to begin investigating Phil for violation of this new law. As with any new technology, this program has allegedly been used for illegal purposes, and the FBI and NSA are believed to be unable to crack this code. When told about the illegal uses of him programs, Zimmerman replies: If I had invented an automobile, and was told that criminals used it to rob banks, I would feel bad, too. But most people agree the benefits to society that come from automobiles taking the kids to school, grocery shopping and such outweigh their drawbacks. (Levy 56). Currently, PGP can be dow nloaded from MIT. They have a very complicated system that changes the location on the software to be sure that they are protected. All that needs to be done is click YES to four questions dealing with exportation and use of the program, and it is there for the taking. This seems to be a lot of trouble to protect a program from spreading that is already world wide. The government wants to protect their ability to legally wiretap, but what good does it do them to stop encryption in foreign countries? They cannot legally wiretap someone in another country, and they sure cannot ban encryption in the U.S. The government has not been totally blind to the need for encryption. For nearly two decades, a government sponsored algorithm, Data Encryption Standard (DES), has been used primarily by banks. The government always maintained the ability to decipher this code with their powerful supercomputers. Now that new forms of encryption have been devised that the government cant decipher, they are proposing a new standard to replace DES. This new standard is called Clipper, and is based on the public key algorithms. Instead of software, Clipper is a microchip that can be incorporated into just about anything (Television, Telephones, etc.). This algorithm uses a much longer key that is 16 million times more powerful than DES. It is estimated that todays fastest computers would take 400 billion years to break this code using every possible key. (Lehrer 378). The catch: At the time of manufacture, each Clipper chip will be loaded with its own unique key, and the Government gets to keep a copy, placed in escrow. Not to worry, though the Government promises that they will use these keys to read your traffic only when duly authorized by law. Of course, to make Clipper completely effective, the next logical step would be to outlaw other forms of cryptography (Zimmerman). If privacy is outlawed, only outlaws will have privacy. Intelligence agencies have access to good cryptograph ic technology. So do the big arms and drug traffickers. So do defense contractors, oil companies, and other corporate giants. But ordinary people and grassroots political organizations mostly have not had access to affordable military grade public-key cryptographic technology. Until now. PGP empowers people to take their privacy into their own hands. Theres a growing social need for it. Thats why I wrote it (Zimmerman). The most important benefits of encryption have been conveniently overlooked by the government. If everyone used encryption, there would be absolutely no way that an innocent bystander could happen upon something they choose not to see. Only the intended receiver of the data could decrypt it (using public key cryptography, not even the sender can decrypt it) and view its contents. Each coded message also has an encrypted signature verifying the senders identity. The senders secret key can be used to encrypt an enclosed signature message, thereby signing it. This creat es a digital signature of a message, which the recipient (or anyone else) can check by using the senders public key to decrypt it. This proves that the sender was the true originator of the message, and that the message has not been subsequently altered by anyone else, because the sender alone possesses the secret key that made that signature. Forgery of a signed message is infeasible, and the sender cannot later disavow his signature(Zimmerman). Gone would be the hate mail that causes many problems, and gone would be the ability to forge a document with someone elses address. The government, if it did not have alterior motives, should mandate encryption, not outlaw it. As the Internet continues to grow throughout the world, more governments may try to impose their views onto the rest of the world through regulations and censorship. It will be a sad day when the world must adjust its views to conform to that of the most prudish regulatory government. If too many regulations are inac ted, then the Internet as a tool will become nearly useless, and the Internet as a mass communication device and a place for freedom of mind and thoughts, will become non existent. The users, servers, and parents of the world must regulate themselves, so as not to force government regulations that may stifle the best communication instrument in history. If encryption catches on and becomes as widespread as Zimmerman predicts it will, then there will no longer be a need for the government to meddle in the Internet, and the biggest problem will work itself out. The government should rethink its approach to the censorship and encryption issues, allowing the Internet to continue to grow and mature. Works Cited Emler-Dewitt, Philip. Censoring Cyberspace: Carnegie Mellons Attempt to Ban Sex from its Campus Computer Network Sends A Chill Along the Info Highway. Time 21 Nov. 1994; 102-105. Lehrer, Dan. The Secret Sharers: Clipper Chips and Cypherpunks. The Nation 10 Oct. 1994; 376-379. Let the Internet Backlash Begin. Advertising Age 7 Nov. 1994; 24. Levy, Steven. The Encryption Wars: is Privacy Good or Bad? Newsweek 24 Apr. 1995; 55-57. Miller, Michael. Cybersex Shock. PC Magazine 10 Oct. 1995; 75-76. Wilson, David. The Internet goes Crackers. Education Digest May 1995; 33-36. Zimmerman, Phil. (1995). Pretty Good Privacy v2.62, Online. Available Ftp: net-dist.mit.edu Directory: pub/pgp/dist File: Pgp262dc.zip Words/ Pages : 3,044 / 24 What is Art? Argumentative Essay