HSBC Bank Analysis

Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) bank was formed in the year 1865 by Thomas Sutherland (Padmalatha 36). It was established after the United Kingdom invaded Hongkong and established a colony there.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on HSBC Bank Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main objective of the bank was to facilitate trade between China and Europe. HSBC bank expanded gradually and became one of the largest financial institutions in the world. During the early years of the 20th century, the bank focused on issuing loans to governments, especially the Chinese government. Thomas Bart, who was the bank’s manager during the early years of the 20th century, steered the bank to become the official bank for the Hong Kong government. Several branches were opened as the bank continued to expand to other regions. It opened its new headquarters in Hong Kong in the year 1935. During the 1940à ¢â‚¬â„¢s, the bank’s expansion plan slowed down because Japanese troops turned the bank into a military headquarters when they seized Hong Kong (Padmalatha 36). However, the bank resumed its expansion program after the war by acquiring Mercantile Bank and the British bank of the Middle East. From the 1940s, the bank acquired several holdings as part of their expansion strategy. It acquired Hang Seng Bank and formed Wardley Limited in the year 1972. Wardley Limited acted as a bank that offered financial services to merchants. In 1980, HSBC attempted to acquire the Royal bank of Scotland. However, the acquisition was unsuccessful because the British government interceded and stopped the takeover (Padmalatha 36). Despite the failed takeover, HSBC continued with its acquisition program and acquired a 51% stake in Marine Midland Bank in the United States.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the 1990s, it acquired three establishments that included Republic National Bank, the Roberts SA de Inversiones, and the Banco Bamerindus. HSBC’s current CEO is known as Stuart Gulliver, who has been the CEO since 2011 (Padmalatha 36). Emerging markets refer to countries or nations whose economies are in the industrialization stage and which are experiencing rapid growth. These nations include China, Japan, Brazil, and India. Emerging markets were projected as leaders of global recovery in 2010 because of several reasons. These include low cost of labor, low costs of production, high domestic and foreign consumption of products, high rates of employment, and urbanization (Jensen par3). Low costs of labor and production boost and sustain economic growth. On the other hand, urbanization is an important factor in economic growth. Urbanization is responsible for movement of people into urban areas, which leads to increase in income. Emerging economies produce go ods and services that are under high demand both locally and internationally (Jensen par4). This results in high consumption of these products, thus boosting the economy. In addition, emerging economies have distinct demographics. Emerging markets are characterized by a young population, rapid growth, and high consumer spending power (Jensen par6). In addition, they have low debts that allow them to grow their economies. They respond swiftly to any economic stimulus because of their rapidly growing population and high GDP growth. In 2012, HSBC Bank achieved several things. These include maintaining profitability and improving efficiency, cutting on costs, exiting some business ventures, and redeploying certain assets to markets that had rapid growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on HSBC Bank Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More HSBC was able to exit some businesses that were not considered core in efforts t o increase efficiency and profitability. In addition, HSBC was involved in a money laundering case that forced them to pay $1.92 billion as settlement. This incidence tarnished their image significantly and affected their financial stability. Works Cited Jensen, Andrew. Emerging Markets will Drive Economic Recovery as U.S Struggles  with its Debt. March 14. 2012. Web. Padmalatha, Suresh. Management of Banking and Financial Services, 2/E. Delhi: Pearson Education India, 2011. Print. This essay on HSBC Bank Analysis was written and submitted by user James Kidd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Freedom of Information Act Essays

Freedom of Information Act Essays Freedom of Information Act Essay Freedom of Information Act Essay Freedom of Information Act Name: Course: Institution: : Instructor: Date: Freedom of Information Act The Freedom of Information Act was initiated by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966. He saw the need of transparency and implemented the Act in 1967 (Moore, 2005). This Act ensures the public has access to information it deserves to know. The government has the responsibility of disclosing its records to the public if they request to access them. In cases where the government withholds information, the intention of withholding the information should be justified to the public (Moore, 2005). The article discusses some of the secrets that the public needs to know about the Bush administration. The secret documents that people want to be publicized include documents containing information about what treasury did with money that was allocated for people who had lost their assets. The public also wants to know why the government allowed the torture of innocent Americans during interrogations claiming that it was in the best interests of the country. This kind of information is very important so that the public understands how the government operates to avoid friction with public offices. Information about hurricane Katrina should also be made public. People want to know what plans the government is making to avoid similar situations. When Katrina struck, the whole country was caught oblivious and measures to save lives and property were hurried. Since people do not want the same to happen again, they want the government to keep them in the loop about its preparations and procedures about handling disasters of any kind. Since president Obama got into office, there have been numerous letters requesting that he releases to the public documents from the bush administration. These documents are believed to contain information that is considered highly enigmatic. Those who worked for the bush administration claim that the documents could not be released then because they were â€Å"internal memos and also contained information about trade secrets† (Nation, 2009). Members of the public found this hard to believe since even Congress had not seen those documents. There is mounting pressure on the Obama administration to order for the release of these documents by various humanitarian groups. These groups believe that the profanity of these documents warrants their instantaneous release to the public because the public deserves to know. Obama is said to be defending the bush administration and all their discretions. This, even after white house lawyers admitted to discovering emails that had been accounted for as destroyed. As president, Obama could order the release of those emails. However, the justice system continues to protect the bush administration making it harder to gain access to these documents. One of the activist groups wants to know why names of the visitors to the white house are kept secret. This group believes that the public has every right to know the names of those who visited the white house during the bush era regardless of the purposes of their visits. The group’s efforts to get that list o names has proved futile as the vice president ordered the secret service not to release the list under any circumstances. Obama can make this list public; all he needs to do is give the order. The justice department also needs to disclose how cases used to be handled and how they are being handled presently. Its policies also need to be made known to the public. The Obama memoranda advocates for absolute transparency between government and the people. In his efforts to demonstrate this transparency, he should release emails from the bush administration and emails and documentation from his administration. These measures are of the essence if president Obama wants to be re-elected back into office. Reference March Issue. The Nation. (2009) Retrieved from: thenation.com/doc/20090316/wiener Moore, A. D. (2005). Information ethics: Privacy, property, and power. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Reading response - Essay Example Such portraits provided a chance for an individual to self-express and self-seek (Rosen 866). However, there has been a drastic change in form of self-expression. The change has occurred through emergence of numerous social sites. The most common social sites are listed as MySpace and Facebook. The sites offer an opportunity for the viewers to look at individual life as well as offer comments on such life expressed through online community (Rosen 866). As a result, the author notes that these sites are used by individuals mostly to get attention. On the other hand, the author provides a history perspective of the online social networks. These networks are shown to change and emerge as time progresses. The earliest online social networks are listed as the Bulletin Board systems said to have started in 1980,s (Rosen 867). The network provided a platform for users to send public messages, send and receive private messages, as well as exchange of software (Rosen 867). However, more pronounces social sites emerged in the 21st century. Such sites include Friendster, MySpace, and Facebook. The sites attracted millions of uses in this era. Other social sites are expected to emerge in the future. On the other hand, social sites are shown to play various roles in the society. First, the sites have been shown to provide an opportunity for those that make it in life to get attention. Moreover, the sites have also laid a platform for advertisers to market their products such as record labels and film studios (Rosen 868). These sites are also shown to play a significant role in politics. Politicians are shown to use sites to enlist followers and express their policies. Additionally, the author offers a comparative analysis of the popular social sites. The most popular are shown to be MySpace and Facebook. The sites are shown to be simple in setting online identity (Rosen 869). On the other hand, majority of Americans are shown to be a heavy

Environmental Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental Pollution - Research Paper Example Most of the activities done every day are causing pollution. The production of global economic creates pollution globally. Burning of fossil fuels to run factories, power plants and motorized vehicles are contributing to huge amount of environment pollution every day (Danelski, 2006, p. 189). High levels of Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced by motor vehicles and are also major source of nitrogen oxide (NO) and hydrocarbons (HC) which is very harmful for the environment. In my opinion, some excavated interests push hydrogen because it would allow the players (petroleum) who are existing to influence their existing control over fuel. A threat to this is an electric power, since interests that are competing control it already. In the first place, a car using hydrogen fuel cell is an electric. It even has batteries, because the cell for the fuel cannot make the large spikes for the current needed for acceleration and climbing of hills. The difference between a fuel cell EV and a battery EV is that some of the batteries have been replaced with a fuel cell and a big H2 tank. Secondly, hydrogen is not a true fuel; it is a medium of storage for energy, such as battery. There is no free (elemental) source of hydrogen on earth. Hydrogen instead must be separated chemically from water, using electricity typically. In addition, this process is much less efficient than other technologies using battery i.e. the electric car would be propelled nearly twice as far by the same electricity in a battery EV.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 47

Philosophy - Essay Example In his epistemology, David Hume held that all ideas are derived from sense experience; Hume saw ideas as nothing but memory of impressions (Solomon, Higgins, and Martin, 2011). For Hume, impressions are the immediate sensations that we have of things. For Hume, therefore, it is impossible of have ideas of things that we do not sense or we do not have their impressions. In his views on the self, David Hume argued that there is nothing like, simply because we do not have and we cannot have impressions of the self. The following is the argument that Hume advanced in support of his view that self is an illusion, and that what we call self is merely a bundle of sensations. Hume began his argument on the self by claiming that, if you think about the concept self, and if you will ask yourself which of the five senses give you the impression of self, you will realize that none of the five human senses gives one the impression of self as a unified reality. Hume claimed that when he tries to think about the concept of self, what he stumbles upon are particular perceptions such as heat or cold, love or hate, or pleasure or pain. Hume claimed that in his reflections on self, he realized that it was impossible for him to have a unified impression of self without the particular perceptions. For this reason, therefore, Hume concluded that there is no self, but what we call self is merely a bundle of sensations. Hume, however, argued that, although self is a bundle of sensations, we nevertheless have some idea of personal identity or the self. Hume reasoned that the idea of personal identify or the self that we have is an error in reasoning caused by human tendency to associate ideas and to attribute to erroneously attribute to them a causal connection. Because of this human tendency, we associate the various human perceptions and wrongly claim that these perceptions cause the impression of self. Hume, therefore, concluded that the impression of self is impossible, and for that

Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Genus Colura

Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Genus Colura Jiroat Sanngrattanaprasert   English: Taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Colura (Dumort.) Dumort. (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Tropical East Asia Introduction Colura (Dumort.) Dumort. was coined by Dumortier (1835) in Recueil dObservations sur les Jungermanniacà ©es and C. calyptrifolia (Hook.) Dumort. was used as a holotype. This genus belongs to Lejeuneaceae, which is the largest family of the liverworts (Gradstein, 2013). The Colura was found in all Floristic regions except USA (Fig. 1), comprising 76 taxa, of which 39 endemic taxa are also reported. Tropical East Asia is the region where Pà ³cs (1996) had reported the highest number, both total and endemic, of taxa in the area. Species of Colura are typically recognized by their leaf morphology; the presence of lobules forming an apical sac with an aperture mechanism consisting of a valve and a hinge. This sac varies greatly in sizes and shapes, and may function a water retention and in some species as zoophagy (Barthlott et al., 2000). Most species of Colura can be considered being epiphyllous, but many of them can occur likewise on small twigs. Colura species grow in well-illuminated sites from the lowlands to about 4,000 m above sea level. A few species (e.g. C. ornithocephala) of this genus, especially those from high montane habitats, were never observed on leaves, but seem to inhabit exclusively on thin twigs or sometimes on the bark of thicker tree trunks. (Pà ³cs, 1996; Heinrichs et al., 2012). Two critically endangered Colura species (C. heimii Jovet-Ast and C. obesa Jovet-Ast) found in Rà ©union Island, where is the largest island of the Mascarene Archipelago in the western Indian Ocean, were listed in IUCN Red List (Ah-Peng et al., 2012). In addition, Gradstein, Raeymaekers and Churchill (2000) reported common taxa such C. clavigera be as an indicator of undisturbed rainforest in Tropical America (including Mexico). Tropical East Asia region consists Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, Western Indonesia, Southern China (north to 30 °N), plus the Ryukyu Islands of Japan and the Andaman as well as Nicobar Islands of India. (Corlett, 2009) Fig. 1. Floristic regions where epiphyllous bryophyte occur. USA: The SE part of United States. MEA: Mesoamerica from Mexico to Panama. ANT: The Antilles. GUI: Guyanas, including the Venezuelan and Brasilian parts of Guyana Highlands. LSA: Amazonia and other lowland parts of South America, such as Choco and the Orinoco basin. SBR: The southeastern highlands of Brazil, with Paraguay and the Province Misiones in Argentina. AND: The Andes. TSA: Temperate South America. MAC: Macaronesia (excluding Cape Verde Islands). WAF: West Afirica from Guinea to the Congo. CAF: Central Africa including Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi. EAF: East Africa from Ethiopia to Mozambique. SAF: South Africa. MAD: Madagascar and the Seychelles, Comoro and Mascarene Islands. IND: India with the Himalayas, Khasia Hills (but excluding Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and lowland Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. OAS: East Asia including China, Taiwan, South Korea and Southern Japan with the Ryukyu Islands. ICH: Indochina from Chit tagong Hills of Bangladesh to Vietnam. MAL: The Malesian Archipelago including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Malay Peninsula but excluding West Irian. MEL: Malanesia, including the whole New Guinea, New Britain, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and New Caledonia. AUA: Australasia, including Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and the neighboring islands. OCE: Oceania, the Pacific from Volcano and the Carolines to Hawaiian Islands and from Fiji to Easter Islands (Pà ³cs, 1996). The Hypothesis of Work How many species of the genus Colura (Dumort.) Dumort. are there in Tropical East Asia? This Present Work Mainly Aims 1. To investigate morphology, ecology and distribution of all taxa of the genus Colura on Tropical East Asia 2. To enumerate taxa account and accepted names of Colura in Tropical East Asia Expect Results 1. The description, ecological data and distribution patterns of all taxa of the genus Colura on Tropical East Asia will be provided. 2. The synoptic account of Colura species will be enumerated. Literature review Checklists in Asia Herzog (1921) investigated liverworts in Moluccan Island, Indomalaya. Two Colura species was found, viz. C. brevistyla Herz. and C. javanica Steph., the first one was the new to science. Mizutani (1961) revision studied of Lejeuneaceae in Japan, Colura tenuicornis and C. meijeri were found. Description, key to species and illustration were added. Kitagawa (1969) collected hepatic plants from Penang, Malaysia. Two species of Colura was reported, viz. C. acutifolia Jovet-Ast and C. corynephora (Nees) Trev. Pà ³cs and Ninh (2005) collected the hepatic plants from Vu Quang Nature Reserve in central Vietnam and found Colura brevistyla Herz. as be as a new record to Indochina, furthermore, C. corynephora (Nees) Trev. as well was listed in this record. Zhu (2006) reported a checklist of liverwort, hornwort and takakiophytes from China, of which seven taxa of Colura (C. acroloba, C. ari, C. conica, C. corynephora, C. inuii, C. karstenii and C. tenuicornis) were listed. Lai, Zhu and Chantanaorrapint (2008) reported an updated checklist of liverwort and hornwort in Thailand. Among the account there are 6 species of Colura, viz. C. acroloba (Mont. ex Steph.) Ast, C. conica (Sande Lac.) K.I. Goebel, C. corynephora (Nees et al.) Trevis., C. siamensis Jovet-Ast, C. superba and C. tixieri. Sà ¶derstrà ¶m, Gradstein and Hagborg (2010) reported 15 taxa of Colura in Java, including 12 taxa that be a good species or accepted except 3 taxa (C. denticulata Jovet-Ast, C. imperfecta Steph. and C. junghuhniana (Steph.) Steph.) that be probably a good species. Chuah-Petiot (2011) listed the account and phytogeographical data of liverworts and hornworts of all states in Malaysia. Seventeen species of Colura were found and enumerated. Wang, Lai and Zhu (2011) updated checklist and floristic accounts of liverworts as well as hornworts in Taiwan. The present list contains 512 species of liverwort belonging to 116 genera in 52 families, including three taxa of Colura (viz. C. acroloba (Mont. ex Steph.) Jovet-Ast, C. inuii Horik. and C. tenuicornis (Evans) Steph.) Dey Singh (2012) investigated epiphyllous liverworts of Eastern Himalaya, which Colura tenuicornis was reported in this study. Pà ³cs (2012) have small collected epiphyllous liverworts from Laos, which Colura tenuicornis (Evans) Steph. was reported with this list. Pà ³cs and Ninh (2012) reported epiphyllous liverworts from Cà ¡t Tià ªn National Park of Southern Vietnam. They found 21 species including two species of Colura, viz. C. conica (Sande Lac.) Goebel and C. ornata Goebel, the latter was a new to Vietnam. Pà ³cs (2013) investigated the genus Colura in New Guinea and in neighboring areas. This paper based on the collection made in 1981 by a joint expedition of the University of Helsinki and the Humboldt State University of Arcata and on other collections, there are 25 species present. The phytogeographical evaluation of all species was provided. The description and illustration of four new to science species (C. koponenii, C. medusa, C. mizu-tanii and C. norrisii) were equipped. Furthermore, he as well treated C. simplicior Jovet-Ast (1983) to be a synonym of C. denticulata. Jovet-Ast (1954). Pà ³cs, Luong and Ho (2013) examined epiphyllous liverworts in Bidoup-Nà ºi Bà   National Park, Vietnam. Among the 125 samples containing 43 species belong to Lejeunea-ceae, both Colura acroloba (Mont. ex Steph.) and C. superba (Mont.) were found. These two species distribute particularly in Giang Ly station, where the altitude is 1481-1500 m a.s.l. Checklists in Oceania Thiers (1987) reported ten taxa of Colura in Australia, viz. C. acroloba (Mont.) Steph., C. ari Steph., C. australiensis Jovest-Ast, C. bisvoluta Herz. et Jovet-Ast, C. conica (Sande Lac.) Goeb., C. crispiloba Jovest-Ast, C. pulcherrima var. bartlettii Jovet-Ast, C. queenslandica B. Thiers, C. saccophylla Hodgs. et Herz. and C. simplicior Jovet-Ast. Among them, three species (C. acroloba, C. ari and C. conica) were first reportedly seen according to this investi-gation, especially C. queenslandica sp. nov. was new to science. A key to all ten taxa was provided. Moreover she additionally validate Colura sect. Lingua Jovet-Ast ex Thiers. Pà ³cs and Streimann (2006) collected five taxa of Colura, viz. C. apiculata (Schiffn.) Steph., C. leratii (Steph.) Steph., C. crispiloba Jovet-Ast, C. ornata Goebel and C. queenslan-dica Thiers in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria states as well as the Austral Capital Territory. Pà ³cs and Eggers (2007) investigated ten species of Colura from the Fiji archipelago. Three new to Fiji (C. crispiloba Jovet-Ast, C. cristata Jovet-Ast and C. queenslandica Thiers) as well as C. vitiensis Pà ³cs et Eggers which was a new to science were added in this paper. The photograph and illustration of some species and together with dichotomous key to all species were provided. Pà ³cs et al. (2011) reported Colura brevistyla Herz. and C. tenuicornis (Evans) Staph. be as new record taxa for the Fiji Islands. C. acroloba also was listed in extended distribution records from new islands within Fiji. Sà ¶derstrà ¶m et al. (2011) accounted the checklist of liverworts and hornworts of Fiji, including the islands Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Kadavu, Ovalau and surrounding smaller islands. The checklist of 14 species which belong to genus Colura were provided; furthermore the synonymous data were enumerated. Checklists in Amarica Engel (1978) had taxonomically and phytogeographically studied of Hepaticae and Anthocerotae in Brunswick Peninsula, Chile. Reportedly, three species of Colura were found, viz. C. calyptrifolia (Hook.) Dumort., C. naumannii (Schiffn.) Steph. and C. patagonica Jovet-Ast. Dauphin et al. (1998) reported Colura verdoornii Herz. et Jovet-Ast as new to Costa Rica, Tropical America. This species was previously known from Malaysia and Borneo, but it probably has a pantropical distribution, but not been reported from Africa. Checklists in Africa Jones and Harrington (1983) reported phytogeographical data of hepatic plant in Sierra Leone and Ghana, of those taxa, three species of Colura (C. digitaris (Mitten) Steph., C. dusenii (Steph.) Steph. and C. tenuicornis (Evans) Steph.) were included. Pà ³cs (1993) found new Colura from Comoro Archipelago and coin it as C. hattoriana Pà ³cs in this paper, including description, type specimens, illustration and note. Fischer (1999) reported five species of Colura from Aberdare mountain, Kenya, viz. C. berghenii Jovet-Ast, C. calyptri-folia (Hook.) Dumort., C. hedbergiana Pà ³cs, C. tenuicornis (Evans) Steph. and C. zoophaga Fischer, the latter species was a new to science. Wigginton (2001) investigated about habitat and location for 64 taxa that belong to Leajeuneaceae in Mulanje Mountain, Malawi. There are four Colura spp. which was reported in this investigation, viz. C. calyptrifolia , C. digitalis, C. tenuicornis and C. usambarica. Chuah-Petiot and Pà ³cs (2003) treated Colura zoophaga Fischer (1999) to be a synonym of C. kilimanjarica Pà ³cs et Jovet-Ast which they was found in same place, Aber-dare Mountain, Kenya and in addition they grew together on the twig of Cliffortia nitidula (Chuah-Petiot and Pà ³cs, 2003; Fischer, 1999). Mà ¼ller and Pà ³cs (2007) investigated epiphyllous bryophyte of Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), biogeography of three species of Colura (viz. C. calderae Pà ³cs, C. digitalis (Mitt.) Steph. and C. hattoriana Pà ³cs, which the first one was a new to science) were provided. Wigginton (2009) investigated liverworts and hornworts of sub-Saharan Africa, including the East African Islands. There are 22 taxa of Colura were reported; moreover, synonymous taxa as well were enumerated. Hylander, Pà ³cs and Nemomissa (2010) reported Colura digitalis (Mitt.) Steph. and C. tenuicornis (Mitt.) Steph. from southwest Ethiopian montane forests, in addition, ecological and biogeography were included. Pà ³cs (2010) reported new bryophyte taxa in Mayotte Island, among them, Colura heimii Jovet-Ast was included. Pà ³cs (2011) reported four species of Colura, viz. C. calderae Pà ³cs, C. digitalis (Mitten) Steph., C. tenuicornis (Evan) Steph. and C. thomeensis Pà ³cs in Sà £o Tomà © island. Among them, C. calderae was a new to Sà £o Tomà © and C. thomeensis was a new to science. Morphological characters Pà ³cs (2012) investigated morphological character of leafy liverworts and found endogenous gemma in Cololejeunea bifalcata Pà ³cs, C. crateris Pà ³cs, Colura calderae Pà ³cs and Co. vitiensis Pà ³cs et J. Eggers Research Method 1. Literature to which the previous investigations releveant will be revised. 2. Morphological study based on field trip specimens and herbarium specimens, description concerning vegetative part and reproductive part will be investigated in Bryology laboratory, PSU Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University. 3. Illustrations of each taxa found in this investigation will be provided. 4. Hard copy format will be publicized. The Research Period Three years in the Ph.D. course period. References Ah-Peng, C., Bardat, J., Pà ³cs, T., Sà ¶derstrà ¶m, L., Stamà ©noff, P. and Strasberg, D. 2012. Red List of liverworts and hornworts for Rà ©union (Mascarene archipelago). Phytotaxa 68: 1-23. Barthlott, W., Fischer, E., Frahm, J.-P. and Seine, R. 2000. First experimental evidence for zoophagy in the hepatic Colura. Plant Biology 2 (1): 93-97. Chuah-Petiot, M.S. 2011. A checklist of hepaticae and anthocerotae of Malaysia. Polish Botanical Journal 56 (1): 1-44. Chuah-Petiot, M.S. and Pà ³cs, T. 2003. East African Bryophytes XIX. a contribution to the Bryflora of Kenya. Acta Botanica Hungarica 45 (1-2): 53-64. Corlett, R.T. 2010. The Ecology of Tropical Asia. Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Dauphin, G., Gradstein, S.Rob., Bernecker-Là ¼cking, A. and Morales, M.I. 1998. Additions to the hepatic flora of Costa Rica II. Lindbergia 23: 74-80. Dey, M. and Singh, D.K. 2012. Epiphyllous Liverworts of Eastern Himalaya. St. Joseph’s Press, Triruvananthapuram. Dumortier, B.C. 1835. Jungermanniacà ©es: Fascicule I.- Rà ©vision des genres. Imprimerie de J.-A. Blanquart., Tournay. Engel, J.J. 1978. A taxonomic and phytogeographic study of Brunswick Peninsula (Strait of Magellan) Hepaticeae and Anthocerotae. Fieldiana Botany 41: 247-248. Fischer, E. 1999. A new soecies of Colura (Lejeuneaceae) from the Aberdare Mountains/ Kenya. Tropical Bryology 16: 205-208. Gradstein, S.R. 2013. A classification of Lejeuneaceae (Marchantiophyta) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Phytotaxa 100 (1): 6-20. Heinrichs, J., Dong, S., Yu, Y., Schà ¤fer-Verwimp, A., Pà ³cs, T, Feldberg, K., Hentschel, J., Schmidt, A.R. and Schneider, H. 2012. A 150 year-old mystery solved: Transfer of the rheophytic endemic liverwort Myriocolea irrorata to Colura. Phytotaxa 66: 55-64. Herzog, Th. 1921. Die Lebermoose der 2 Freiburger Molukkenexpeditionen und einige neue Arten der engeren Indomalaya. In: Botanischen Centralblatt. G. Regierungsrat. pp. 318-332. Verlag von C. Heinrieh Dresden N. Hylander, K., Pà ³cs, T. and Nemomissa, S. 2010. Liveworts of southwest Ethiopian montane forests: ecological and biogeographical notes. Journal of Bryology 32: 92-100. Jones, E.W. and Harrington, A.J. 1983. The Hepatics of Sierra Leone and Ghana. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 11 (3): 215-289. Kitagawa, N. 1969. A small collection of Hepaticae from Penang, Malaysia. Bulletin of Nara University of Education 18 (2): 27-43. Lai, M.J., Zhu, R.L. and Chantanaorrapint, S. 2008. Liverworts and horworts of Thailand: an updated checklist and bryofloristic accounts. Annales Botanici Fennici 45: 321-341. Mizutani, M. 1961. A revision of Japanese Lejeuneaceae. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory: Devoted to Bryology 24: 235-237. Mà ¼ller, F. and Pà ³cs, T. 2007. A contribution to the knowledge of epiphyllous bryophytes of Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), including additional remarks on non-epiphyllous species. Journal of Bryology 29: 81-94. Pà ³cs, T. 1993. New or little known epiphyllous liverworts, IV. two new Cololejeuneoideae from the Comoro Archipelago. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 74: 45-57. Pà ³cs, T. 1996. Epiphyllous liverwort diversity at worldwide level and its threat and conservation. Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autà ³noma de Mà ©xico, Serie Botanica 67 (1): 109-127. Pà ³cs, T. 2010. East African bryophytes, XXVI. new records from Mayotte (Maore) Island (French Comoro). 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To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: Racism Race Kill Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee â€Å"You felt sorry for her, you felt sorry for her?† (Lee 197) A quote from Harper Lee’s award winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird, which says so much. It shows the prejudice present in the 1920’s and 1930’s and how a black man could not feel sorry for a white woman because he was black. Negroes were not treated as equals. In fact, Negroes were believed to be less than second-class citizens, even level with the animals on the social ladder and biologically inferior to whites. Negroes were lynched often in many states, without reason, by white mobs. Blacks weren’t treated right in any part of American society including the courtroom. , with both the lynching in the streets and the prejudice in the courtroom this was a time where blacks did not have a fair chance both in and out of court. Many things happened throughout the past to create racial disharmony in the early 1900’s. Since the first slaves were brought to America whites have seen the Negro race as inferior and unequal. They were merely chattel purchased for the sole purpose as to provide for his master. Slaves were beaten to ‘keep them in line’ or killed to set an example for the rest. As time passed Negroes gained more freedom but also more hatred from the white populace. The formation of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in 1866 greatly heightened tension between the black and white races. They preached White supremacy, â€Å"It is simple reality that to be born White is an honor and a privilege.† () To treat a Negro as an equal was viewed not only wrong but also as a direct insult and threat to the white race. â€Å"We must secure the existence of our race and a future for White children† () When a black was accused of a crime or a white person didn’t like him he could be punished by the KKK or mob through lynching, burning, dismembering, and or torturing. Nearly none of the time did the lynchings ever go to court. â€Å"A Mississippi lynch mob of 2,000 burns an accused black rapist alive a coroner’s jury returns a verdict of death †due to unknown causes.† And Mississippi governor Theodore G. Bilbo says the state has â€Å"neither the time nor the money† to go into the matter.